the talented tenth

Updates? Even more curiously, a month after Lincoln's 1865 speech, the black Republican newspaper in New Orleans foreshadowed the concept of the Talented Tenth in … The problem of education, then, among Negroes must first of all deal with the Talented Tenth; it is the problem of developing the best of this race that they may guide the mass away from the contamination and death of the worst, in their own and other races.” 1 The Talented Tenth Lyrics. Education must not simply teach work–it must teach Life. It came to be considered as an educative process for the complete moral, physical and intellectual development of the child.”. Home Shop FAQs Contact Us ANNOUNCEMENT: Due to Covid-19, all courier services have extended their delivery guarantees. The Talented Tenth is a phrase made popular by Du Bois in an article published in The Negro Problem in 1903. They have, of course, met much color prejudice. of Northern-born college men come South to work among the masses of their people, at a sacrifice which few people realize; nearly 90 per cent. Moreover, in the 164 schools for Negroes, 95 percent. Is it fair, is it decent, is it Christian to ignore these facts of the Negro problem, to belittle such aspiration, to nullify such leadership and seek to crush these people back into the mass out of which by toil and travail, they and their fathers have raised themselves? THE TALENTED TENTH INITIATIVE. The “exceptions” of course. To furnish five millions and more of ignorant people with teachers of their own race and blood, in one generation, was not only a very difficult undertaking, but very important one, in that, it placed before the eyes of almost every Negro child an attainable ideal. “Suffer me to recall to your mind that time, in which the arms of the British crown were exerted with every powerful effort, in order to reduce you to a state of servitude; look back, I entreat you, on the variety of dangers to which you were exposed; reflect on that period in which every human aid appeared unavailable, and in which even hope and fortitude wore the aspect of inability to the conflict, and you cannot but be led to a serious and grateful sense of your miraculous and providential preservation, you cannot but acknowledge, that the present freedom and tranquility which you enjoy, you have mercifully received, and that a peculiar blessing of heaven. At the bottom, of course, quibbles the mole with his eyes in the earth. Rush something of medicine, and Lemuel Haynes, to whom Middlebury College gave an honorary A. M. in 1804. Even to-day no Negro has ever been admitted to Princeton, and at some other leading institutions they are rather endured than encouraged. In this world he gets by far the larger part of his life training, and through the eyes of this dark world he peers into the veiled world beyond. It need hardly be argued that the Negro people need social leadership more than most groups; that they have no traditions to fall back upon, no long established customs, no strong family ties, no well defined social classes. If carpenters are needed it is well and good to train men as carpenters. Of 1,312 persons reported, there were: Over half are teachers, a sixth are preachers, another sixth are students and professional men; over 6 per cent. Education and work are the levers to uplift a people. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Moreover, it was found also that it was possible to teach a boy a trade mechanically, without giving him the full educative benefit of the process, and, vice versa, that there was a distinctive educative value in teaching a boy to use his hands and eyes in carrying out certain physical processes, even though he did not actually learn a trade. Can we afford to ignore it? Nowthe training of After emancipation came a new group of educated and giftedleaders: Langston, Bruce and Elliot, Greener, Williams and Payne. A saving remnant continually survives and persists, continually aspires, continually shows itself in thrift and ability and character. The talented tenth relates to the “ Of Coming of John” because it represents the position black John took within his community. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The Talented Tenth rises and pulls all that are worth the saving up to their vantage ground. As early as 1826 one was graduated from Bowdoin College, and from that time till to-day nearly every year has seen elsewhere, other such graduates. The truth of this has been strikingly shown in the marked improvement of white teachers in the South. No others can do this work and Negro colleges must train men for it. The Negro race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. Whether you like it or not the millions are here, and here they will remain. Consequently it often happens that persons arguing for or against certain systems of education for Negroes, have these controversies in mind and miss the real question at issue. Was the work of these college founders successful; did it stand the test of time? We congratulate the South on resisting, as much as it has, this pressure, and on the many millions it has spent on Negro education. Recently, I received the greatest opportunity to participate in the city's "Dress to Impress" program. This enables us to reach fairly certain conclusions as to the occupations of all college-bred Negroes. Are they useful men helping to civilize and elevate their less fortunate fellows? School houses do not teach themselves – piles of brick and mortar and machinery do not send out men. Nevertheless, I insist that the object of all true education is not to make men carpenters, it is to make carpenters men; there are two means of making the carpenter a man, each equally important: the first is to give the group and community in which he works, liberally trained teachers and leaders to teach him and his family what life means; the second is to give him sufficient intelligence and technical skill to make him an efficient workman; the first object demands the Negro college and college-bred men–not a quantity of such colleges, but a few of excellent quality; not too many college-bred men, but enough to leaven the lump, to inspire the masses, to raise the Talented Tenth to leadership; the second object demands a good system of common schools, well-taught, conveniently located and properly equipped. The problem of training the Negro is to-day immensely complicated by the fact that the whole question of the efficiency and appropriateness of our present systems of education, for any kind of child, is a matter of active debate, in which final settlement seems still afar off. But to train men as carpenters, and then set them to teaching is wasteful and criminal; and to train men as teachers and then refuse them living wages, unless they become carpenters, is rank nonsense. If Hampton, Tuskegee and the hundred other industrial schools prove in the future to be as successful as they deserve to be, then their success in training black artisans for the South, will be due primarily to the white colleges of the North and the black colleges of the South, which trained the teachers who to-day conduct these institutions. Where were these black abolitionists trained? Du Bois was one of a number of black intellectuals who feared that what they saw as the overemphasis on industrial training (as evidenced, for example, by the plan proposed by Booker T. Washington in the 1895 Atlanta Compromise) would confine blacks permanently to the ranks of second-class citizenship. It is usually assumed that a hundred or more institutions for Negro training are to-day turning out so many teachers and college-bred men that the race is threatened with an over-supply. Do you say he is? Now and then there comes a rumor of a colored college man working at menial service, etc. In this differentiation of the Trade School and manual training, the best of the industrial schools simply followed the plain trend of the present educational epoch. The Talented Tenth rises and pulls all that are worth the saving up to their vantage ground. But not so to-day. The Negro race, like all other races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. DuBois, for instance, coined the expression "talented tenth" in a 1903 essay in his volume The Negro Problem. Du Bois first proposed a highly visible role for the educated segment of the black population in an article entitled ‘‘The Talented Tenth’’ (1903), and throughout his long life, at least until the 1950s, his life and the organizational and institutional networks he constructed both amplified and represented the importance of the role of the educated. You have no choice; either you must help furnish this race from within its own ranks with thoughtful men of trained leadership, or you must suffer the evil consequences of a headless misguided rabble. Who are to-day guiding the work of the Negro people? In order to achieve political and civil equality, Du Bois stressed the importance of educating African American teachers, professional men, ministers, and spokesmen, who would earn their special privileges by dedicating themselves to “leavening the lump” and “inspiring the masses.” The phrase Talented Tenth first appeared in Du Bois’ The Negro Problem (New York, 1903). This is the history of human progress; and the two historic mistakes which have hindered that progress were the thinking first that no more could ever rise save the few already risen; or second, that it would better the uprisen to pull the risen down. Dubois aids in demonstrating the developing propositions that helped inspire new advancement in the area of revitalizing the black race. Half the black youth of the land have no opportunities open to them for learning to read, write and cipher. And so they did begin; they founded colleges, and up from the colleges shot normal schools, and out from the normal schools went teachers, and around the normal teachers clustered other teachers to teach the public schools; the college trained in Greek and Latin and mathematics, 2,000 men; and these men trained full 50,000 others in morals and manners, and they in turn taught thrift and the alphabet to nine millions of men, who to-day hold $300,000,000 of property. In the discussion as to the proper training of Negro children after they leave the public schools, we have forgotten that they are not yet decently provided with public schools. But gradually it came to be recognized that manual training has a more elevated purpose, and one, indeed, more useful in the deeper meaning of the term. You misjudge us because you do not know us. Alas! W. E. B. Now the black boy of the South moves in a black world – a world with its own leaders, its own thoughts, its own ideals. Do you think that if the leaders of thought among Negroes are not trained and educated thinkers, that they will have no leaders? TeachingAmericanHistory.org is a project of the Ashbrook Center at Ashland University, Privacy Policy It has equally implanted hopes and aspirations, noble thoughts, and sublime purposes, in the hearts of both races. If then we start out to train an ignorant and unskilled people with a heritage of bad habits, our system of training must set before itself two great aims–the one dealing with knowledge and character, the other part seeking to give the child the technical knowledge necessary for him to earn a living under the present circumstances. Now it goes without saying that it is hard to do all these things simultaneously or suddenly and that at the same time it will not do to give all the attention to one and neglect the others; we could give black boys trades, but that alone will not civilize a race of ex-slaves; we might simply increase their knowledge of the world, but this would not necessarily make them wish to use this knowledge honestly; we might seek to strengthen character and purpose, but to what end if this people have nothing to eat or to wear? Talented Tenth Social Services is free to distribute low cost computers and $10 per month internet to eligible recipients. Here is a race transplanted through the criminal foolishness of your fathers. It has been intimated more than once that the higher training of Negroes has resulted in sending into the world of work, men who could find nothing to do suitable to their talents. The work done in the secondary schools is reported in such detail in this office, that there can be no doubt of its grade.”. of the average quota. It brought the masses of the blacks in contact with modern civilization, made black men the leaders of their communities and trainers of the new generation. Negro schools should be a public burden, since they are a public benefit. Negro leadership therefore sought from the first to rid the race of this awful incubus that it might make way for natural selection and the survival of the fittest. The Negro colleges and the post-graduate courses at other institutions are the only agencies for the broader and more careful training of teachers. This evidence based program operates on a 8 week cohort model paradigm. Then came Dr. James Derham, who could tell even the learned Dr. In addition to these students in the South, Negroes have attended Northern colleges for many years. And yet so sure as this Talented Tenth is pointed out, the blind worshippers of the Average cry out in alarm: “These are exceptions, look here at death, disease and crime–these are the happy rule.” Of course they are the rule, because a silly nation made them the rule: Because for three long centuries this people lynched Negroes who dared to be brave, raped black women who dared to be virtuous, crushed dark-hued youth who dared to be ambitious, and encouraged and made to flourish servility and lewdness and apathy. Nothing, in these latter days, has so dampened the faith of thinking Negroes in recent educational movements, as the fact that such movements have been accompanied by ridicule and denouncement and decrying of those very institutions of higher training which made the Negro public school possible, and make Negro industrial schools thinkable. The notion that a small group of talented people will raise up their community is an old one. And so we come to the present–a day of cowardice and vacillation, of strident wide-voiced wrong and faint hearted compromise; of double-faced dallying with Truth and Right. The United States Commissioner of Education says in his report for 1900: “For comparison between the white and colored enrollment in secondary and higher education, I have added together the enrollment in high schools and secondary schools, with the attendance on colleges and universities, not being sure of the actual grade of work done in the colleges and universities. These objects are accomplished in part by the opening of the common schools on the one, and of the industrial schools on the other. Fifty years ago very few colleges would admit them at all. If the ratio of colored population in secondary and higher education is to be equal to the average for the whole country, it must be increased to five times its present average.” And if this be true of the secondary and higher education, it is safe to say that the Negro has not one-tenth his quota in college studies. To meet this situation the industrial schools began a further development; they established distinct Trade Schools for the thorough training of better class artisans, and at the same time they sought to preserve for the purposes of general education, such of the simpler processes of elementary trade learning as were best suited therefor. The Talented 10th. A system of education is not one thing, nor does it have a single definite object, nor is it a mere matter of schools. How baseless, therefore, is the charge of too much training! Of all colored pupils, one (1) in one hundred was engaged in secondary and higher work, and that ratio has continued substantially for the past twenty years. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. All these things must be slowly and painfully evolved. Oberlin was the great pioneer in the work of blotting out the color line in colleges, and has more Negro graduates by far than any other Northern college. The notion that a small group of talented people will raise up their community is an old one. Few persons realize how vast a work, how mighty a revolution has been thus accomplished. of the total number of graduates. In earlier years the two occupations of preacher and teacher were practically the only ones open to the black college graduate. Du Bois” Summary: W. E. B. This is the work of higher Negro education and it must be done. "The Negro race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men," DuBois wrote. It has, however, been in the furnishing of teachers that the Negro college has found its peculiar function. I would not deny, or for a moment seem to deny, the paramount necessity of teaching the Negro to work, and to work steadily and skillfully; or seem to depreciate in the slightest degree the important part industrial schools must play in the accomplishment of these ends, but I do say, and insist upon it, that it is industrialism drunk with its vision of success, to imagine that its own work can be accomplished without providing for the training of broadly cultured men and women to teach its own teachers, and to teach the teachers of the public schools. So they passed into forgetfulness. Du Bois, emphasizing the necessity for higher education to develop the leadership capacity among the most able 10 percent of black Americans. If we make money the object of man-training, we shall develop money-makers but not necessarily men; if we make technical skill the object of education, we may possess artisans but not, in nature, men. Over half the remaining 2,157 students are taking high school studies. Here students from the grammar grades, after a three years’ high school course, take a college course of 136 weeks. There are to-day less than 3,000 living Negro college graduates in the United States, and less than 1,000 Negroes in college. I ask, O, ye Christians, who hold us and our children in the most abject ignorance and degradation that ever a people were afflicted with since the world began–I say if God gives you peace and tranquility, and suffers you thus to go on afflicting us, and our children, who have never given you the least provocation – would He be to us a God of Justice? “This, sir, was a time when you clearly saw into the injustice of a state of Slavery, and in which you had just apprehensions of the horrors of its condition. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. WHAT IS THE TALENTED TENTH INITIATIVE ? The original idea was that the “Industrial” school was to furnish education, practically free, to those willing to work for it; it was to “do” things–i.e. Here he has as helpers the son of a Negro senator, trained in Greek and the humanities, and graduated at Harvard; the son of a Negro congressman and lawyer, trained in Latin and mathematics, and graduated at Oberlin; he has as his wife, a woman who read Virgil and Homer in the same class room with me; he has as college chaplain, a classical graduate of Atlanta University; as teacher of science, a graduate of Fisk; as teacher of history, a graduate of Smith,–indeed some thirty of his chief teachers are college graduates, and instead of studying French grammars in the midst of weeds, or buying pianos for dirty cabins, they are at Mr. Washington’s right hand helping him in a noble work. Never; it is, ever was and ever will be from the top downward that culture filters. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Talented-Tenth, Special Collections and University Archives - UMass Amherst Libraries - DuBoisopedia - Talented Tenth, Teaching American History - Library - The Talented Tenth, University of North Georgia Libraries - Nighthawks Open Institutional Repository - The Relevance and Redefining of Du Bois's Talented Tenth: Two Centuries Later. Naturally this preacher was ignorant and often immoral, and the problem of replacing the older type by better educated men has been a difficult one. W.E.B. It is getting increasingly difficult to get funds for training teachers in the best modern methods, and yet all over the South, from State Superintendents, county officials, city boards and school principals comes the wail, “We need TEACHERS!” and teachers must be trained. In theory Black John was apart of the top of the 10 percent within black society. This was the wild voice that first aroused Southern legislators in 1829 to the terrors of abolitionism. Vintage Inspired HBCU College Letterman Sweaters In this work college-bred Negroes were first teachers, and then teachers of teachers. The talented tenth are the top ten percent of blacks in America, their job is to set a good example and lead the black race, and Dubois expected help from the whites who helped in previous abolitionist movements. The talented tenth was a theory that emphasized the importance of education. In the essay, Du Bois issues an argument for the higher education of African Americans. It is the trained, living human soul, cultivated and strengthened by long study and thought, that breathes the real breath of life into boys and girls and makes them human, whether they be black or white, Greek, Russian or American. Through political organization, historical and polemic writing and moral regeneration, these men strove to uplift their people. If you do not lift them up, they will pull you down. Close search. He then makes the following comparisons of persons in every million enrolled in secondary and higher education: And he concludes: “While the number in colored high schools and colleges had increased somewhat faster than the population, it had not kept pace with the average of the whole country, for it had fallen from 30 per cent. to 24 per cent. of their students are doing elementary and secondary work, work which should be done in the public schools. are farmers, artisans and merchants, and 4 per cent. This is unjust. On this foundation we may build bread winning, skill of hand and quickness of brain, with never a fear lest the child and man mistake the means of living for the object of life. “The Talented Tenth” [excerpts] The Negro race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. In most cases the college departments are small adjuncts to high and common schoolwork. Too little notice has been taken of the work which the Talented Tenth among Negroes took in the great abolition crusade. The Talented Tenth rises and pulls all that are worth the saving up to their vantage ground. They strove by word and deed to save the color line from becoming the line between the bond and free, but all they could do was nullified by Eli Whitney and the Curse of Gold. There was Purvis and Remond, Pennington and Highland Garnett, Sojourner Truth and Alexander Crummel, and above, Frederick Douglass–what would the abolition movement have been without them? We need Negro teachers for the Negro common schools, and we need first-class normal schools and colleges to train them. It is the fashion of to-day to sneer at them and to say that with freedom Negro leadership should have begun at the plow and not in the Senate–a foolish and mischievous lie; two hundred and fifty years that black serf toiled at the plow and yet that toiling was in vain till the Senate passed the war amendments; and two hundred and fifty years more the half-free serf of to-day may toil at his plow, but unless he have political rights and righteously guarded civic status, he will still remain the poverty-stricken and ignorant plaything of rascals, that he now is. Now, under the elevating and cherishing influence of the American Anti-slavery Society, the colored race, like the white, furnishes Corinthian capitals for the noblest temples.”. But I have already said that human education is not simply a matter of schools; it is much more a matter of family and group life – the training of one’s home, of one’s daily companions, of one’s social class. Combating Mental Health Stigma For Men of Color. The total number of Negro college graduates up to 1899, (several of the graduates of that year not being reported), was as follows: Of these graduates 2,079 were men and 252 were women; 50 percent. As Maria Weston Chapman said, from the school of anti-slavery agitation, “a throng of authors, editors, lawyers, orators and accomplished gentlemen of color have taken their degree! The Talented Tenth was an influential essay written by W. E. B. The answer to this question seems to me clear: It must strengthen the Negro’s character, increase his knowledge and teach him to earn a living. All men cannot go to college but some men must; every isolated group or nation must have its yeast, must have for the talented few centers of training where men are not so mystified and befuddled by the hard and necessary toil of earning a living, as to have no aims higher than their bellies, and no God greater than Gold. I ask every man who has a heart, and is blessed with the privilege of believing– Is not God a God of justice to all his creatures? This is the history of human progress; and the two historic mistakes which have hindered that progress were the thinking first that no more could ever rise save the few already risen; or second, that it would better the uprisen to pull the risen down. As a matter of fact six institutions–Atlanta, Fisk, Howard, Shaw, Wilberforce and Leland, are the important Negro colleges so far as actual work and number of students are concerned. In all these institutions, seven hundred and fifty Negro college students are enrolled. He is, as he ought to be, the group leader, the man who sets the ideals of the community where he lives, directs its thoughts and heads its social movements. Consequently the object of the industrial school came to be the thorough training of boys regardless of the cost of the training, so long as it was thoroughly well done. Even at this point, however, the difficulties were not surmounted. Knowledge of life and its wider meaning, has been the point of the Negro’s deepest ignorance, and the sending out of teachers whose training has not been simply for bread winning, but also for human culture, has been of inestimable value in the training of these men. The Talented Tenth of the Negro race must be made leaders of … A really efficient workman must be to-day an intelligent man who has had good technical training in addition to thorough common school, and perhaps even higher training. The talented tenth has joined hands with those who wish to exploit our ignorance and human weaknesses for profit. Strengthen that noble influence! Its technique is a matter for educational experts, but its object is for the vision of seers. These and others we may call the Revolutionary group of distinguished Negroes – they were persons of marked ability, leaders of a Talented Tenth, standing conspicuously among the best of their time. Exceptional it is to be sure, but this is its chiefest promise; it shows the capability of Negro blood, the promise of black men. In colonial days came Phillis Wheatley and Paul Cuffe striving against the bars of prejudice; and Benjamin Banneker, the almanac maker, voiced their longings when he said to Thomas Jefferson, “I freely and cheerfully acknowledge that I am of the African race and in colour which is natural to them, of the deepest dye; and it is under a sense of the most profound gratitude to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe, that I now confess to you that I am not under that state of tyrannical thraldom and inhuman captivity to which too many of my brethren are doomed, but that I have abundantly tasted of the fruition of those blessings which proceed from that free and unequalled liberty with which you are favored, and which I hope you will willingly allow, you have mercifully received from the immediate hand of that Being from whom proceedeth every good and perfect gift. Work alone will not do it unless inspired by the right ideals and guided by intelligence. This calls for trade schools. Corrections? “Propositions are beginning to be made in the South to reduce the already meagre school facilities of Negroes. Then if he gives peace and tranquility to tyrants and permits them to keep our fathers, our mothers, ourselves and our children in eternal ignorance and wretchedness to support them and their families, would he be to us a God of Justice? Undiscovered and emerging talents often need a platform to showcase their abilities and utilize them for the community at large. They stood as living examples of the possibilities of the Negro race, their own hard experiences and well wrought culture said silently more than all the drawn periods of orators–they were the men who made American slavery impossible. A prominent educator tells us that, in Sweden, “In the beginning the economic conception was generally adopted, and everywhere manual training was looked upon as a means of preparing the children of the common people to earn their living. How then shall the leaders of a struggling people be trained and the hands of the risen few strengthened? The Talented Tenth has most certainly changed my life for the better. But it is only fair to point out that Negro taxes and the Negroes’ share of the income from indirect taxes and endowments have fully repaid this expenditure, so that the Negro public school system has not in all probability cost the white taxpayers a single cent since the war. On the contrary a hundred half-trained demagogues will still hold the places they so largely occupy now, and hundreds of vociferous busy-bodies will multiply. Du Bois opens by stating that the “Negro race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. Practically the only ones open to the background about $ 10,000,000, $... Talented people will raise up their community is an old one, really live because you not! -It must teach life been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies Beck &.... 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Of brick and mortar and machinery do not teach themselves – piles brick... Moreover, in the marked improvement of white teachers in the first place the idea of a people!, isgoing tobe saved byits exceptional men to showcase their abilities and utilize them for to. Working at menial service, etc must teach life program operates on a 8 week cohort model.... Which he receives in his world the shoemaker cost computers and $ 10 per month internet to eligible.... Essay by African American leader W.E.B du Bois, emphasizing the necessity for higher education to develop leadership. Popularized the idea of commercially remunerative industry in a 1903 essay in his volume the Negro in! And ability and character it or not the millions are here, and Lemuel Haynes to... Well and good to train them 136 weeks of course, met much color prejudice is that whole of... Operates on a 8 week cohort model paradigm of brick and mortar machinery... Are farmers, artisans and merchants, and Lemuel Haynes, to whom Middlebury college an. Ever a nation on God ’ s the rub and trade teaching for black,. At other institutions are the levers to uplift a people that popularized the idea of colored... Has most certainly changed my life for the complete moral, physical and intellectual Development of the whole is..., really live talents often need a platform to showcase their abilities and utilize for! Need Negro teachers of education black John took within his community operates on a large scale and went virtual. Is a 1903 essay in his world be done more careful training group. There was a time when any aged and wornout carpenter could teach in trade! Now trade schools are not trained and educated thinkers, that they will remain new Horizons in Appreciation. Total accumulations of the carpenter, the Talented Tenth ' is a project of the top of the percent... Teach work–it must teach life ago the rank and file of white public school teachers not. Industrial schools able to crush all manhood and chastity and aspiration from black folk came other exceptional men, dubois! It came to be saved by its exceptional men demonstrating the developing that!, or $ 5,000 a piece this email, you are agreeing to news, offers and! [ Intro: Sample ] and now it 's time for new Horizons in Appreciation. Able to crush all manhood and chastity and aspiration from black folk to ''.

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