48 laws of power pdf in urdu

Government also currently subsidises some Masters programmes. MusicTT, FilmTT and FashionTT are the subsidiaries established to fulfil this mandate. [69] A local elected assembly with some limited powers was introduced in 1913. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces, such as Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Bharat, and Vindhya Pradesh, made up of multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate provinces. Geoffrey Holder (brother of Boscoe Holder) and Heather Headley are two Trinidad-born artists who have won Tony Awards for theatre. Since Trinidad was considered underpopulated, Roume de St. Laurent, a Frenchman living in Grenada, was able to obtain a Cédula de Población from the Spanish king Charles III on 4 November 1783. [129] While the earliest inhabitants were of Amerindian heritage, the two dominant groups in the country are now those of South Asian and of African heritage. # Physiographically, Bermuda is an isolated oceanic island in the North Atlantic Ocean, not a part of the Antilles, West Indies, Caribbean, North American continental mainland or South American continental mainland. However, coercive means were often used to retain labourers, and the indentureship contracts were soon extended to 10 years from 1854 after the planters complained that they were losing their labour too early. [147][148], African-derived or Afrocentric religions are also practised, notably Trinidad Orisha (Yoruba) believers (0.9%) and Rastafarians (0.27%). * These three Dutch Caribbean territories form the BES islands. Prisoners that are minors makes up 1.9% of the prison population and foreigners prisoners make 0.8% of the prison population. [102] The true total number of micro-organism species must be much higher. [citation needed]. The team consisted of Jarrin Solomon, Jareem Richards, Machel Cedenio and Lalonde Gordon with Renny Quow who ran in the heats. [57] The apprenticeship system ended on 1 August 1838 with full emancipation. [112] A first effort to estimate the number of endemic fungi tentatively listed 407 species.[113]. READ PAPER. [66][133][134][135][136][137] World Hindi Day is celebrated each year with events organized by the National Council of Indian Culture, Hindi Nidhi Foundation, Indian High Commission, Mahatma Gandhi Institute, and the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha. Nearly 200 species of marine algae have been recorded. Trinidad was formerly home to a railway network, however this was closed down in 1968. Benedict_Anderson_Imagined_Communities.pdf [citation needed], Trinidad and Tobago has in recent decades suffered from a relatively high crime rate;[120][121] there are currently roughly 500 murders per year. (2008). Additional petrochemical, aluminium, and plastics projects are in various stages of planning. The Northern Range consists mainly of Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous metamorphic rocks. Some army leaders who were sympathetic to the Black Power movement, notably Raffique Shah and Rex Lassalle, attempted to mutiny; however, this was quashed by the Trinidad and Tobago Coast Guard. Trinidad and Tobago has a diverse culture mixing Indian, African, Creole, Chinese, Amerindian, Arab, Latino, and European influences, reflecting the various communities who have migrated to the islands over the centuries. [16] The Uriah Butler Highway, Churchill Roosevelt Highway and the Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway links the island of Trinidad together, whereas the Claude Noel Highway is the only major highway in Tobago. In 1945 universal suffrage was introduced to Trinidad and Tobago. (Excel Document [Added Up All info from the areas in couva to get the total population])", "Community Register PTRC (Excel Document [Added Up All info from the areas in Princes Town to get the total population])", "Community Register CTTRCCB. [16], English is the country's official language (the local variety of standard English is Trinidadian and Tobagonian English or more properly, Trinidad and Tobago Standard English, abbreviated as "TTSE"), but the main spoken language is either of two English-based creole languages (Trinidadian Creole or Tobagonian Creole), which reflects the Amerindian, European, African, and Asian heritage of the nation. The revolt was crushed at the cost of some 40 dead, and Daaga and his party were later executed at St Joseph. [100] A notable tree is the manchineel which is extremely poisonous to humans, and even just touching its sap can cause severe blistering of the skin; the tree is often covered with warning signs. The largest markets for Trinidad and Tobago's LNG exports are Chile and the United States. The Northern Lowlands (the East–West Corridor and Caroni Plain) consist of younger shallow marine clastic sediments. Other unions and workers, many with the same grievances, joined the dock worker's strike making it a General Strike. [102] Despite significant felling, forests still cover about 40% of the country, and there are about 350 different species of tree. The remaining population is made of various Christian denominations (Spiritual Shouter Baptists (5.67%), Anglicans (5.67%), Seventh-day Adventists (4.09%), Presbyterians or Congregationalists (2.49%), Jehovah's Witnesses (1.47%), other Baptists (1.21%), Methodists (0.65%) and the Moravian Church (0.27%)). Indo-Trinidadians reside primarily on Trinidad; as of the 2011 census only 2.5% of Tobago's population was of Indian descent. Thanks to a recently published checklist, plant diversity in Trinidad and Tobago is well documented with about 3,300 species (59 endemic) recorded. The occupancy level of Trinidad and Tobago's prison system is at 81.8% capacity. Meanwhile, the Trinbago Knight Riders play in the Caribbean Premier League. Both creoles contain elements from a variety of African languages; Trinidadian English Creole, however, is also influenced by French and French Creole (Patois). Winds are predominantly from the northeast and are dominated by the northeast trade winds. [109][110][111] The true total number of fungi is likely to be far higher, given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have so far been discovered. The TT Pro League is the country's primary football competition and is the top level of the Trinidad and Tobago football league system. [71] Strikebreakers were brought in to keep a minimum of goods moving through the ports. Both the Government and the private sector also provide financial assistance in the form of academic scholarships to gifted or needy students for study at local, regional or international universities. [66] East Indians entering the colony were also subject to certain crown laws which segregated them from the rest of Trinidad's population, such as the requirement that they carry a pass with them if they left the plantations, and that if freed, they carry their "Free Papers" or certificate indicating completion of the indenture period. Dennis Pulchan, located in Port-of-Spain. [117], The Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force (TTDF) is the military organisation responsible for the defence of the twin island Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. A short summary of this paper. Under the policy, renewable energy sources are to contribute 20% of the total electricity generation mix in member states by 2017, 28% by 2022 and 47% by 2027.[166]. [citation needed] The country was formerly divided into counties. The older of the two is at Mount Irvine, with the Magdalena Hotel & Golf Club (formerly Tobago Plantations) being built more recently. [84][79] Robinson was unable to hold together the fragile NAR coalition, and social unrest was caused by his economic reforms, such as devaluing the currency and implementing an International Monetary Fund Structural Adjustment Program. [16] The islands are a physiographical extension of South America. Indigenous peoples. Tobago has an area of about 300 km2 (120 sq mi), or 5.8% of the country's area, is 41 km (25 mi) long and 12 km (7.5 mi) at its greatest width. It also supplies manufactured goods, notably food, beverages, and cement, to the Caribbean region. [85] The coup leaders were promised amnesty, but upon their surrender they were then arrested, but later released after protracted legal wrangling. The team from Trinidad and Tobago will be awarded the gold medal, because of the second rank during the relay run.[185]. FREE SHIPPING Every Day! Claude Noel is a former world champion in professional boxing. Download Grade 12 National Senior Certificate (NSC) past examination papers for 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 & 2020 with memos and answer books where applicable. World Economic Forum. [15][16] Various fruits and vegetables are grown, such as cucumbers, eggplant, cassava, pumpkin, dasheen (taro) and coconut; fishing is still also commonly practised. The transport system in Trinidad and Tobago consists of a dense network of highways and roads across both major islands, ferries connecting Port of Spain with Scarborough and San Fernando, and international airports on both islands. Fixed Lines Telephone service is provided by Digicel, TSTT (operating as bmobile) and Cable & Wireless Communications operating as FLOW; cellular service is provided by TSTT (operating as bmobile) and Digicel whilst internet service is provided by TSTT, FLOW, Digicel, Green Dot and Lisa Communications. [68] Discontent erupted into rioting on the Roxborough plantation in 1876, in an event known as the Belmanna Uprising after a policeman who was killed. The presence of American military bases in Chaguaramas and Cumuto in Trinidad during World War II had a profound effect on society. The Americans vastly improved the infrastructure on Trinidad and provided many locals with well-paying jobs; however the social effects of having so many young soldiers stationed on the island, as well as their often unconcealed racial prejudice, caused resentment. The main town on Tobago is Scarborough. Various nationalities were contracted under this system, including Indians, Chinese, and Portuguese. [139], The Tamil language is spoken by some of the older Tamil (Madrasi) Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian population. Respondents who did not state a religious affiliation represented 11.1% of the population, with 2.18% declaring themselves Irreligious. [45] The total population of Trinidad was 17,718, of which 2,151 were of European ancestry, 4,476 were "free blacks and people of colour", 10,009 were enslaved people and 1,082 Amerindians. There are a number of 9 and 18-hole golf courses on Trinidad and Tobago. In 1903, a protest against the introduction of new water rates in Port of Spain erupted into rioting; 18 people were shot dead, and the Red House (the government headquarters) was damaged by fire. Trinidad and Tobago has a maritime tropical climate. [104] Marine life is abundant, with several species of sea urchin, coral, lobster, anemone, starfish, manta ray, dolphin, porpoise and whale shark present in the islands' waters. After its 1962 independence, Trinidad and Tobago joined the United Nations and Commonwealth of Nations. [66] A majority of the early Indian immigrants spoke Bhojpuri and Awadhi, which later formed into Trinidadian Hindustani. Association football is also a popular sport in Trinidad and Tobago. Similarly, there is a noticeable increase in numbers of Evangelical Protestant and Fundamentalist churches usually lumped as "Pentecostal" by most Trinidadians, although this designation is often inaccurate. The UPSC syllabus for both prelims and mains exams are available in pdf format. Red, black and white symbolise the warmth of the people, the richness of the earth and water respectively. [45] British rule was later formalised under the Treaty of Amiens (1802). Its national team is one of the most successful teams in the Caribbean. As a result Trinidad's population jumped to over 15,000 by the end of 1789, and by 1797 the population of Port of Spain had increased from under 3,000 to 10,422 in just five years, with a varied population of mixed race individuals, Spaniards, Africans, French republican soldiers, retired pirates and French nobility. [197], The scarlet ibis birds flying over the Caroni Swamp. [citation needed] The sparse settlement and slow rate of population-increase during Spanish rule (and even later during British rule) made Trinidad one of the less populated colonies of the West Indies, with the least developed plantation infrastructure. Dragonboat is also another water-sport that has been rapidly growing over the years. The scarlet ibis is kept safe by the government by living in the Caroni Bird Sanctuary which was set up by the government for the protection of these birds. The next highest revenue earners for the industry were fixed voice services and paid television services whose contributions totalled TT$0.76 billion and TT$0.70 billion respectively (13.4 percent and 12.4 percent). Tertiary education for tuition costs are provided for via GATE (The Government Assistance for Tuition Expenses), up to the level of the bachelor's degree, at the University of the West Indies (UWI), the University of Trinidad and Tobago (UTT), the University of the Southern Caribbean (USC), the College of Science, Technology and Applied Arts of Trinidad and Tobago (COSTAATT) and certain other local accredited institutions. Spanish governor José María Chacón surrendered the island to a British fleet under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby in 1797. Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers, J. Hasely Crawford won the first Olympic gold medal for Trinidad and Tobago in the men's 100-metre dash in the 1976 Summer Olympics. [36] One such mission was Santa Rosa de Arima, established in 1689, when Amerindians from the former encomiendas of Tacarigua and Arauca (Arouca) were relocated further west. The term Muhajirs refers to those Muslim migrants from India who mostly settled in urban Sindh. [42], The 17th century on Trinidad passed largely without major incident, but sustained attempts by the Spaniards to control and rule over the Amerindians were often fiercely resisted. [citation needed] Escalating tensions between the Spaniards and Amerindians culminated in violence 1689, when Amerindians in the San Rafael encomienda rebelled and killed several priests, attacked a church, and killed the Spanish governor José de León y Echales. [195], The national birds of Trinidad and Tobago are the scarlet ibis and the cocrico. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use. Both Trinidad and Tobago were originally settled by Amerindians who came through South America. [citation needed], In 1777, the captain general Luis de Unzaga 'le Conciliateur', married to a French Creole, allowed free trade in Trinidad, attracting French settlers and its economy improved notably. Most of the Indian movies were in the Standard Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) dialect and this modified Trinidadian Hindustani slightly by adding Standard Hindi and Urdu phrases and vocabulary to Trinidadian Hindustani. The nation is an exporter of LNG and supplied a total of 13.4 billion m3 in 2017. Trinidad and Tobago (/ˈtrɪnɪdæd ... təˈbeɪɡoʊ/ (listen), /- toʊ-/), officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean and is known for its fossil-fuel wealth. There are regular flights between the two islands, with fares being heavily subsidised by the Government. The Government of Trinidad and Tobago has recognised the creative industries as a pathway to economic growth and development. Referred as "Sher-e-Kashmir" (Lion of Kashmir), Abdullah was the founding leader of the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference (later renamed Jammu and Kashmir National Conference) and the 1st elected Prime Minister of Jammu and … The first season took place in the same year beginning with eight teams. The largest Hindu organization in Trinidad and Tobago is the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha, which was formed in 1952 after the merging of the two main Hindu organizations. and is a compilation and codification of all the general and permanent Federal laws of the United States. [22] Unlike most Caribbean nations and territories, which rely heavily on tourism, the Trinidadian economy is primarily industrial with an emphasis on petroleum and petrochemicals;[23] much of the nation's wealth is derived from its large reserves of oil and natural gas. [53][54][55] Under British rule, new states were created and the importation of slaves increased, however by this time support for abolitionism had vastly increased and in England the slave trade was under attack. However, based on proximity, these islands are sometimes grouped with the Windward Islands culturally and politically. Tourism and manufacturing are also important to the local economy. "[144], The indigenous languages were Yao on Trinidad and Karina on Tobago, both Cariban, and Shebaya on Trinidad, which was Arawakan.[142]. It was popularized in the 1950s by dance pioneer Julia Edwards[175] (known as the "First Lady of Limbo") and her company which appeared in several films. [citation needed], The ethnic composition of Trinidad and Tobago reflects a history of conquest and immigration. [141], The Chinese language first came to Trinidad and Tobago in 1806, when the British had brought Chinese labourers in order to determine if they were fit to use as labourers after the abolition of slavery. [citation needed] Its gross national income per capita of US$20,070[154] (2014 gross national income at Atlas Method) is one of the highest in the Caribbean. [20] Trinidad and Tobago obtained independence in 1962, becoming a republic in 1976. [citation needed], As a member of CARICOM, Trinidad and Tobago strongly backed efforts by the United States to bring political stability to Haiti, contributing personnel to the Multinational Force in 1994. [52] Trinidad thus became a British crown colony, with a largely French-speaking population and Spanish laws. The government of Trinidad and Tobago subsequently chose to seek independence from the United Kingdom on its own. [82] Tobago was granted limited self-rule with the creation of the Tobago House of Assembly in 1980. [60], The PNM under Patrick Manning returned to power following the 1991 Trinidad and Tobago general election. It also is active in the Summit of the Americas process and supports the establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas, lobbying other nations for seating the Secretariat in Port of Spain. [188][189], The coat of arms was designed by the Independence committee, and features the scarlet ibis (native to Trinidad), the cocrico (native to Tobago) and hummingbird. [102] Other notable invertebrates include the cockroach, leaf-cutter ant and numerous species of mosquitoes, termites, spiders and tarantulas. The Cocrico is more indigenous to the island of Tobago and are more likely to be seen in the forest. Usually grouped with Northern American countries based on proximity; occasionally grouped with the Caribbean region culturally. [3] Various aspects of traditional obeah beliefs are still commonly practised on the islands.[52]. Of total telecommunications and broadcasting revenues, mobile voice services accounted for the majority of revenues with TT$2.20 billion (39.2 percent). [138] Attempts to preserve Trinidadian Hindustani are being made by Caribbean Hindustani Inc. led by Visham Bhimull. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see this how-to page. Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah (5 December 1905 – 8 September 1982) was an Indian politician who played a central role in the politics of Jammu and Kashmir. Tourism is a growing sector, particular on Tobago, although proportionately it is much less important than in many other Caribbean islands. Tobago has two 18-hole courses. [15] The President is elected by an Electoral college consisting of the full membership of both houses of Parliament. [41][42] From 1654 the Dutch and Courlanders managed to gain a more secure foothold, later joined by several hundred French settlers. [155] In November 2011, the OECD removed Trinidad and Tobago from its list of developing countries. In 2017, natural gas production totalled 18.5 billion m3, a decrease of 0.4% from 2016 with 18.6 billion m3 of production. [65] Despite the trying conditions experienced under the indenture system, about 90% of the Indian immigrants chose, at the end of their contracted periods of indenture, to make Trinidad their permanent home. Arima on Trinidad is a noted centre of Amerindian culture. MEANING, SCOPE & FUNCTIONS OF PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION. 112 talking about this. Boldon was the sole world champion Trinidad and Tobago has produced until Jehue Gordon in Moscow 2013. There are four major municipalities in Trinidad: the capital Port of Spain, San Fernando, Arima and Chaguanas. [16][79] In 1976 the country became a republic within the Commonwealth, though it retained the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as its final appellate court. [186] Trinidad and Tobago again fell just short of qualifying for the World Cup in 1990, needing only a draw at home against the United States but losing 1–0. [36], Christopher Columbus was the first European to see Trinidad, on his third voyage to the Americas in 1498. BY PHONE: US and Canada customers, call toll-free 1.866.512.1800. [46] However the Spanish never made any concerted effort to colonise the islands; Trinidad in this period was still mostly forest, populated by a few Spaniards with a handful of slaves and a few thousand Amerindians. Trinidad and Tobago claims two Nobel Prize-winning authors, V. S. Naipaul and St Lucian-born Derek Walcott (who also founded the Trinidad Theatre Workshop). Cazorla, Frank, Baena, Rose, Polo, David, Reder Gadow, Marion (2019). [15][16] There are two seasons annually: the dry season for the first five months of the year, and the rainy season in the remaining seven of the year. [3] Hinduism is practised throughout the country and Diwali is a public holiday, and other Hindu holidays are also widely celebrated. The most established is the St Andrews Golf Club, Maraval in Trinidad (commonly referred to as Moka), and there is a newer course at Trincity, near Piarco Airport called Millennium Lakes. Historian E. L. Joseph claimed that Trinidad's Amerindian name was Cairi or "Land of the Humming Bird", derived from the Arawak name for hummingbird, ierèttê or yerettê. Taxis and minibuses 178 ] Kathak, Odissi, and Spanish colonisation in Trinidad Tobago. Northeast, Grenada to the northeast, Grenada to the Caribbean examinations Council ( CXC ) Secondary... The richness of the Northern Range and the Nariva Swamp form the Lowlands. And intangibles serve as the basic productive resource rugby is played in Trinidad and Tobago subsequently chose seek! An exporter of LNG and supplied a total of 13.4 billion m3, a former World champion in professional.. 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